A Research Study On Hot Spot Policing Essay - 1663 Words

There have been numerous studies conducted on the state and federal level by universities and law schools on hot spot policing and the affects of community policing; however most of the studies conducted were to analyze if the hot spot policing moved the criminal activity out of the high crime area to the surrounding areas. Most of the studies examined the recidivism of crime in previously designated hot spot areas where certain policing techniques were utilized to gain compliance with the laws not the prevention of crime. Is the law enforcement technique known as hot spot policing being properly utilized to remove and deter criminal offenses in a specific area and keeping offenders from re-offending? Or is law enforcement not utilizing information that is readily available to them to properly address repeat and violent crimes by targeting those whom are most likely to commit a specific crime while properly educating the communities affected by the crimes? To have the ability to give a thorough and constructive review one must understand what hot spot policing is. As defined by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) â€Å"hot spot policing is a popular policing strategy that addresses crime by assigning limited police resources to areas where crimes are more highly concentrated.† In simpler context, where there is a lot of crime, law enforcement will send more officers and resources to the area until the illegal activity stops. To define an area where the hot spot policingShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Hot Spot Policing2076 Words   |  9 PagesThere have been numerous studies conducted on the state and federal level by universities and law schools on hot spot policing and the affects of community policing; however most of the studies conducted were to analyze if the hot spot policing moved the criminal activity out of the high crime area to the surrounding areas. Most of the studies examined the recidivism of crime in previously designated hot spot areas where certain policing techniques were utilized to gain compliance with the laws notRead MoreA Perceptual Study of the Effects of Hot Spot Policing Essay1574 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature review is to provide an in-depth analysis of hot spot policing and review the main aspects of this policing strategy. This review will examine five experimental studies that have shaped hot spot policing as a viable and effective policing methodology. It will als o examine the current status of hot spot policing, its benefits, and its limitations. Police random preventive patrol by a mobile police force was the hallmark of the Reform Era of policing. Police officers were expected to remain in theirRead MoreHot Spots Policing Strategies For High Risk Crime Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesadvocating policing strategies that focus on those areas most susceptible to high-risk crimes, as opposed to thinly spreading policing efforts across vast urban landscapes.  The findings of the two studies discussed below suggest that hot spots policing tactics may work in certain areas. However, these studies also suggest that a heavy saturation of police patrol in high-risk crime locations may be less effective in particular areas. A common question posed about these studies is why hot spots policingRead MoreProblem Oriented Policing815 Words   |  3 PagesProblem oriented policing, hot spot policing, and directed patrols are three popular systems in which law enforcement have adopted over the past years to develop a more productive style of policing practices. Researchers have spent money and valuable time looking at these practices to see if they are effective. Hot spot policing, directed patrols, and problem oriented policing are effective methods in reducing all forms of crime. There are important factors to look at in this research to determine whetherRead MoreMabry Agency Case Study984 Words   |  4 Pagesthe perfect technique for equally distributing effected resources to advance hot spots. The Mabry agency which is in Harmony, Florida is no different, since their crime rates are on the rise. Which is why we are implementing a new policing program that involves hot spots, and a planned outcome evaluation. The purpose for using hot spot policing in the town of Mabry is to simply cut down the amount of crime in those hot spot areas and the surrounding areas, by adding additional patrol vehicles and officersRead MoreCrime And Catch Fenders1321 Words   |  6 Pagesreactive, but, recently, the law enforcement community has started to develop more proactive strategies to more efficiently eradicate crime (Groff et al. 2014, pg.23). Among these proactive police strategies is a rather recent practice called hot-spot policing (Groff et al. 2014, pg.23). There are many who favor this practice and claim that it has an extremely positive impact on crime while others have not bought into its effectiveness (Telep, Mitchell, Weisburd 2012, pg.905). This practice is newRead MoreThe Police Foundation Is A Foundation Advancing Policing Through Innovation And Science940 Words   |  4 Pagesfrequently in areas with a large number of bars and liquor stores (NIJ, 2009). Hot Spot policing is highly effective, and many police leaders use the term to describe their policing strategy (Telep and Weisburd, 2011). The Police Foundation is a foundation advancing policing through innovation and science. Dr. David Weisburd, the chairman of the Police Foundation has pointed out that this type of â€Å"place-based policing† sanctions police officers to focus on a more secure location in fighting crimeRead MorePolice Officers Are Our First Line Of Defense Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pageswith, implementing penalties on those in violation of the laws. The criminal justice system was not as complex and intricate prior to the American Revolution which focused primarily on punishment and retribution rather than deterrence. Traditional policing continues to be the norm, in spite of this, law enforcement agencies have adopted additional effective strategies and approaches, relating to curtailing criminal acts before there are committed. Law enforcement agencies have relied upon criminologistsRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesimplementing penalties on those in violation of the laws. The criminal justice system prior to the American Revolution was not as complex and intricate as it is today, which focused primarily on punishment and retribution rather than deterrence. Traditional policing continues to be the norm, in spite of this, law enforcement agencies have adopted additional effective strategies and approaches, relating to curtailing criminal acts before there committed. Law enforcement agencies have relied upon criminologistsRead MoreThe Construction Of The Criminal Justice System Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pageslegislative materials, including, laws and regulations, to ensure due process and minimize criminal acts and behaviors. Our government has looked to all the local and state officials, in joining forces to reduce crime in our states and cities. Traditional policing continues to be the norm, in spite of this, law enforcement agencies have adopted additional effective strategies and approaches, relating to curtailing criminal acts before there are committed. Law enforcement agencies have relied upon criminologists

Essay about Cipla 2011, Harvard Business Case, March 27, 2012

Cipla 2011, Harvard Business Case, March 27, 2012 1 °) Since AIDS was identified in 1982, various entities have been aiming at limiting the expansion of the pandemic. However each of these entities has had a different role and thus different results: * The World Health Organization has had a critical role through the coordination of the different actors involved. It has obtained significant results in terms of treatments coverage in the last few years. Its action has been completed by the UNAIDS recently; * Cipla has developed a unique business model and has made AIDS treatments affordable for almost anyone (1$/day with â€Å"Triomune†) by focusing on both humanitarian and financial targets (break-even). For example, Cipla has†¦show more content†¦Its success is based on the fact that it can quickly reproduce big pharma’s patented medicines as soon as the patents expire. Cipla manages to cut Ramp;D costs (4% in 2009) and to make significant profits by capitalizing on relatively Indian cheap manpower costs an d easy access to raw materials. Cipla also gets a competitive advantage by developing new delivery systems to make patients’ life easier. To finish, Cipla has acquired a good reputation among politicians from developing countries and NGO willing to spread treatments broadly. However, Cipla’s business model is now called into question by the TRIPS. They can no longer rely on the reproduction of patented drugs in India as big pharma’s patents are now protected for 20 years. They also suffer from competition in India as western companies have started to deal with Indian doctors (Cipla’s â€Å"backbone†). Cipla’s focus on emerging markets could also be threatened by western companies as they can sell old products at low prices in these countries. This is reinforced by the fact that Cipla’s brand awareness is quite low in emerging economies. Last but not least, Cipla has to spend much money in courts to suit Big pharma which anyway don’t seem likely to collaborate with it to manufacture drugs. 3 °) Cipla’s business practices could be first seen as an unfair competition as they capitalized on their competitors’ knowledge. Big pharma had indeed invested dramatically to develop andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Walmart16417 Words   |  66 Pageschains of large discount department stores and warehouse stores. The company is the worlds third largest public corporation, according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2012, the biggest private employer in the world with over two million employees, and is the largest retailer in the world. Walmart remains a family-owned business, as the company is controlled by the Walton family, who own a 48 percent stake in Walmart.[5][6] It is also one of the worlds most valuable companies.[7] The company was

Management Anaylisis of Hyatt Free Essays

What is the general environment of the company? First of all we have to define the general environment of a company before analyzing the Hyatt hotels chain. The general environment of a company represents its demographic, socio-cultural, economic, political and technological trends. It is an analysis of the market situation and the position of the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Anaylisis of Hyatt or any similar topic only for you Order Now We can say that the general environment of the Hyatt Hotel chain is the luxury branch, they target the rich and classy branch of people who wants to stand in high level hotels. Being located in the main cities of the world they are by then able to target and reach a high percentage of clients, being willing full to stay at the Hyatt’s hotels. About the economy the Hyatt is part of a niche which permits it to stay in the top and not to be too much affected by the economy of the world, as far as they target rich customers and that there will always be people willing to pay the money in order to stay in the Hyatt and not the Formula 1 hotels. About the technological trends, Hyatt always try to improve the comfort of the client and of its employees. For example, their newest product is a device that keeps the air in the room completely safe from sicknesses and allergies. It’s called a hypoallergenic room or its nickname is a â€Å"pure room. † They have 11 pure rooms in the Hyatt downtown. Or also With new products that are in select rooms, the management will offer incentives to the staff members that get customers to upgrade their rooms. This is a great way to motivate the staff. The idea at Hyatt is to place all the employees at the same level and to make them feel good and at home. (http://www. bizjournals. com/denver/print-edition/2010/11/19/at-the-hyatt-the-environments-fun. html) What is the task environment of the company? The task environment includes sectors with which the organization interacts directly and that have a direct impact on the organization’s ability to achieve its goals. The task environment typically includes the industry, competitors, customers, techniques of production, suppliers, stock market, raw materials, market sectors, and perhaps the human resources and international sectors. Here we can see that Hyatt as far as part of a niche as we already said, do not have too much competitors, expect in the biggest cities of the world (Paris, London, New York, Los Angeles†¦) which is a good advantage. One of the competitive advantage of Hyatt is their innovation and the way the let the client decide of what he wants and do not impose any standard rooms. Their customers as we said are part of the high society and want to feel special, which is what Hyatt offers them. How does the international environment influence the company? What is the International Environment, its all the factors in the world, exchanges between countries, relations between each other that affect or influence the choices or decisions of a company. For example the Hyatt Corporation cannot install in Cuba because of the International Environment as far as the relations between Cuba and the United States are not good. Hyatt is a luxury brand hotel so usually countries are proud to have a Hyatt hotel on their territory, it proves a certain level of richness and welfare for the country. Thus the relations changes fast and the economy is also a main factor to take into account. How does it influence the company by then, I would say that a safe country, rich and stable permits Hyatt to rely on it and to expand their, in the contrairy the removal of the hotel could be a possibility. How to cite Management Anaylisis of Hyatt, Papers

Sustainable Financial Management Investments

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Financial Management Investments. Answer: Introduction Financial statements are reports that represent the financial health, results, and cash flows of an organization. The statements are crucial for the business because they determine the companys ability to generate cash besides the sources and uses of the cash generated (Braun, 2012). Financial statements are also useful to the organization because they show the performance and commitment of the company with respect to paying back its debts. Financial statements are also useful in the investigation of various practices and transactions conducted by the business. From the financial statements, it is possible to derive ratios that help to determine the companys health. Such ratios include but are not limited to profitability ratios such as gross profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity (Braun, 2012); liquidity ratios such as the quick ratio, current ratio, working capital, and the acid test ratio (Brooks Mukherjee, 2013); management efficiency ratios such as accounts receivable turnover, asset turnover, inventory turnover, and the days sales in inventory (Brigham Houston, 2012). These ratios measure the different operations and results of a company that can help to determine the financial health of the company. This paper describes various aspects of a financial statement and the rationale and criticism behind the processes used to prepare the statements. Accounting Concepts Financial statements report the financial activities of the company (Gibson, 2012). The statements represent the strength of the company, its performance, and liquidity. The basic contents of a financial statement include a balance sheet or a statement of financial position, a profit and loss statement also known as an income statement, and a statement of cash flow (Brooks Mukherjee, 2013). The statement of financial position represents the companys financial position for a given time, usually a fiscal year or quarterly. This statement is comprised of the assets owned and controlled by the business, the liabilities, which the business owes to others, and the equity, which the business owes its owners (Gibson, 2012). The statement of income has the income of the business over a period and the expenses incurred over the given period. The statement of cash flow, on the other hand, reports how the business has moved cash and its bank balances over a period. The statement of income shows the profitability if the company during a period (Shim Siegel, 2012). It can be prepared quarterly or annually. This statement may be presented in its entirety or be combined with other comprehensive income information the company may have. If combined with other comprehensive income, it forms a statement of comprehensive income (Gibson, 2012). The income statement is presented in a manner that provides full details about the earnings of the company to the investors and shareholders alike. This also involves presenting the information in a way that details the nature of the expenses (Noreen, Brewer, Garrison, 2013). The Qantas statement of income found on page 52 of the companys annual report follows a similar pattern. The format follows that of presenting the revenue first followed by the tax expense and the post-tax profit or loss realized by the company. The companys post tax loss or profit from discontinued operations is preceded by the net profit or loss results. To maintain relevance, the expenses incurred by the company are recorded by function. The representation of the expenses by their nature as it is case for Qantas implies that these expenses cannot be allocated among the various segments of the business. The company also included a statement of comprehensive income on page 53 of its report. The comprehensive income takes into account how factors such as currency translations adjustments, unrealized gains or losses on investments, and pension liability adjustments, affect the income or loss of the company (Hitchner, 2011). These figures are indicative of a volatile market or economic events but over time, they tend to even out. Asset valuation is another term mentioned in the passage. Asset valuation refers to the process of gauging the value of the company, its property, and any other value items the company controls (Bolton, 2015). The assets can include buildings, stocks, equipment, bonds, goodwill, brands, and labour. The assets reported in the Qantas annual report include cash and cash equivalents, inventories, receivables, intangible assets, property and equipment, and deferred tax assets. Asset valuation is done by assessing the book value of assets and their market value (Fabozzi Peterson, 2013). The former valuation is lower because the assets are reported by their historical cost. An asset is valued by comparing it to other similar assets and its cash potential. Cost of acquisition, replacement cost, and the accumulated depreciation values are used in valuation of assets. Accrual accounting measures the financial performance of the company and its position by taking into account economic events regardless of whether cash transactions are conducted or not (Essayyad, 2015). The current inflows or outflows of cash in the company are combined with the cash flows expected in future. The method presents an accurate understanding of the companys current financial health and is in no way related to cash accounting that only records transactions after cash has been exchanged. Terms such as accounts receivables as seen in the Qantas annual report indicate that the company uses accrual accounting. Problems of Measurement in Relation to present AASB/IASB Standards and Conceptual Framework The Conceptual Framework describes why financial statements are prepared and reported. These statements provide important information for interested investors, creditors, lenders and shareholders of the company to guide them when investing into the company. Thus, the Framework defines what is useful enough to merit being recorded in the financial statement to make a difference in the decisions investors, creditors, and other interested parties may consider (Benston, 2007). The usefulness of the information should also be improved by making understandable and timely comparisons and verifications. The Conceptual Framework sets out the various concepts that determine the preparation and presentation of financial statements (Benston, 2007). Thus, the Framework assists IASB in identifying the concepts to be used when developing and revising the standards of financial reporting. However, the current framework has a few problems that make financial reporting difficult. Some sections of the Framework are unclear, while others are not covered and outdated. The existing Framework does not have clear guidance on a number of areas. For example, the framework does not give clear definitions to assets and liabilities. The definitions provided in the framework do not focus on the economic resources and obligations but instead focus on the inflows and outflows of economic benefits generated by the economic resources controlled by the company (Mard, Hitchner, Hyden, 2007). For example, on the balance sheet some current and non-current liabilities that bear interest are only reported in connection to specific financing of the engines and aircrafts for the respective aircrafts. Consequently, the company reported other non-cash financing activities in addition to plant, property and equipment under finance leases of $32 million. The Conceptual Framework does not provide guidance on the measurement, presentation, and disclosure or how a reporting entity can be identified. The single basis of measurement for an asset and liability does not provide useful details to the reader of the statement (Hitchner, 2011). Consequently, the measurements do not include the amounts that can be added meaningfully, or subtracted or compared. The economic significance of the measurements, both individually and collectively are not covered. With regard to presentation and disclosure, presenting relevant information is a challenge because the Framework champions documentation of accounting constructs used by the company without defining the disclosures that can directly and efficiently relate to the primary objective of financial reporting (Bolton, 2015). The current reporting standards (IFRSs) measure different assets at various historical costs such as is the case for some property, plant and equipment items; fair value such as investment properties, and the fair value directly attributable to the transaction costs (Neuhausen, Schlank, Pippin, 2007). Such measurements do not clarify if the historical or current prices are used or if the cash flows estimated belong to the company or other market participants. There is thus a need to have a single conceptual measurement framework that provides guidance on the development of consistent requirements of measurement. Relevance of Using Processes of Measurement in Faithful Reporting of Estimates of Costs Accounting is largely responsible for providing a user of a financial report in making an informed choice about a certain financial decision. Financial reporting and accounting is however, limited in some respects and these have brought about the debate on faithfulness of the various methods used to estimate the costs and liabilities recorded in the financial statements. The use of different accounting principles to prepare financial statements helps to present accurate circumstances of the entity. These different frameworks and policies afford an entity with the flexibility to present reliable information about the companys financial health (Zhang Andrew, 2014). However, the use of different frameworks in reporting financial performance can present a challenge when it comes to comparing the results with other players in the industry (Whittington, 2008). This is particularly true if the entities under comparison are found in different geographical localities but ply the same industry. Estimates, in this case cannot provide a closer comparison because the policies used to prepare the statements differ. The AASB and IASB underline the importance of producing high-quality reports. However, it is difficult to do so because entities are yet to fully grasp how to operationalize and measure the quality demanded from them. Using estimates to prepare financial statements is a common practice. However, the estimates are inherently subjective and thus do not have the accuracy needed because they depend on the managements foresight in approving the values included in the statements (Hitchner, 2011). The use of fair value to estimate the value of assets and liabilities is a common practice and is also evidenced in the annual report from Qantas. According to the IFRS, fair value standard defines fair value as the price attained when an asset is sold or paid to transfer a liability between participants at the date of measurement (Benston, 2007). The orderly transaction in this case is the asset or liability that has been exposed to the market before a fair value measurement to allow other activities (Wells, 2011). An entity can thus measure fair value with the assumption that market participants will act in their best interest economically (Bolton, 2015). The fair value can be derived from internally generated input determinants such as the expected net cash flows of an asset (Bolton, 2015). It can also be measured from the fair value found on the date of the balance sheet date as a product of the quoted price and the held quantity (Gibson, 2012). Low levels of faithful representation can affect the relevance of the value of the asset or liability. The low level may be caused by a low return in the stock, usually about less than 3% in a year. The fair value of the assets at Qantas such as cash and cash equivalents, non-interest bearing financial assets and liabilities were approximated by their carrying value because they have short maturity (Hitchner, 2011). The estimation process utilized their present value of future contracted cash flows. Future estimates were thus used for these financial assets and the report also cites AASB 9 Note 29(E) in the representation of the fair value of other financial assets and liabilities (Benston, 2007). The use of internal variables in the measurement of the value of the assets and liabilities adds to the debate on value estimation and valuation. Some have discouraged the measurement of fair value at successive balance sheet dates because the fair value changes should not be added to the net income (Fabozzi Peterson, 2013). However, such measurements of the assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates do not necessarily necessitate reporting the values in the net income. This is so because some items such as effects of the error corrections and changes in methods of accounting are not measured at fair value but can be included in the income statement. Conclusion Financial statements are crucial reports used by investors, creditors, and shareholders of a business to assess the financial health of the company. Through these statements the profitability, managerial competence, and liquidity of the company can be assessed. Aspect such ass asset valuation and faithful reporting of the value of the assets and liabilities of the company have been subject to much debate that hassled some to discredit the importance of preparing financial statements. One reason for this is how the firms estimate the cost of their assets and liabilities and when the valuation takes place. However, what is clear is that the firms such as the one discussed in this report, adhere to the standards and framework set out in the AASB/IASB and the Conceptual Framework in reporting their financial results. An entity reports and audits its financial performance and presents the results to the users of the report in a manner that will help them make informed decisions on whether to invest in the business or not. The different ways in the companies report their results in accordance with the set guidelines and rules should not be a basis of discrediting the statements. References Benston, G. J. (2007). The FASB's Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting: A Critical Analysis. Accounting Horizons, 21(2), 229-238. Bolton, B. (2015). Sustainable financial management investments: Maximizing corporate profits and long-term economic value creation. New York: Palgrave, Macmillan. Braun, K. W. (2012). Managerial accounting. Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall. Brigham, E. F., Houston, J. F. (2012). Fundamentals of financial management. Ohio: Cengage Learning. Brooks, R., Mukherjee, A. K. (2013). Financial Management: Core concepts. Pearson. Essayyad, M. (2015). Essentials of financial management. Research Education Association. Fabozzi, F. J., Peterson, P. (2013). France: Capital markets, financial management, and investment management. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Gibson, C. (2012). Financial reporting and analysis. Cengage Learning. Hitchner, J. R. (2011). Financial Valuation: Applications and Models (3rd Edition ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Mard, M. J., Hitchner, J. R., Hyden, S. D. (2007). Valuation for Financial Reporting?: Fair Value Measurements and Reporting, Intangible Assets, Goodwill and Impairment. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Neuhausen, B. S., Schlank, R., Pippin, R. G. (2007). CCH Accounting for Business Combinations, Goodwill, and Other Intangible Assets. Chicago: CCH. Noreen, E., Brewer, P., Garrison, R. (2013). Managerial accounting for managers. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Shim, J. K., Siegel, J. S. (2012). Managerial accounting. New York; London: Schaum, McGraw-Hill. Wells, M. J. (2011). Framework-based Approach to Teaching Principle-based Accounting Standards. Accounting Education, 20(4), 303-316. Whittington, G. (2008). Fair Value and the IASB/FASB Conceptual Framework Project: An Alternative View. Abacus: A Journal of ccouning, Finance and Business Studies , 44(2), 139-168. Zhang, Y., Andrew, J. (2014). Financialisation and the Conceptual Framework. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(1), 17-26.